选择定语从句引导词的四种方法
从句始终是英语语法学习中的一大重点,而定语从句则是重点中的难点。在与定语从句相关的内容中,如何正确的选择引导定语从句的引导词,则是学习定语从句时的主要难点之一。
今天为大家提供的这四种方法,可以很好的解决定语从句中引导词的选择问题。
方法一:看指人还是物
这个方法的意思是:指人时用who(作主语)、whom(作宾语)和whose(作定语,既指人又指物);that既可指人又可指物,但在当代英语中多指物;which只能指物,that与which在句中作主语或宾语;在非正式文体中,作宾语的whom,which或that可省略。如:
In the beginning, people who bought them often got angry. (who指人,修饰先行词people,作从句的主语。)刚开始,买的人经常会生气。
They needed a plant which didn't need as much water as rice.(which指物,修饰先行词plant,作从句的主语,此处which可换为that。)他们需要一种不像水稻那样需要大量水的作物。
I've bought a new dictionary whose cover is blue.(这里whose指物,在从句中作定语。) 我买了一本封皮是蓝色的字典。
难点:
(1)whose既可指“某人的”,也可指“某物的”,指物时不可想当然误用which,但可使用“the+n.+of which”的表达方法,也可用“of which +n”的表达方式。
①I've bought a new dictionary, the cover of which is blue.
②I've bouth a new dictionary of which the cover is blue.
(2)在非正式文体中,当引导词who位于从句句首时,可替换whom作宾语。
如:Do you know the boy who/whom we talked to just now?
方法二:看介词在何处
当介词置于从句之首时,若指人,介词之后只能用whom而不能用who或that;若指物,则只能用which而不能用that。试比较以下两组句子:
1Do you know the woman with whom I shook hands at the school gate?(此处介词with之后的whom不可替换为who或that,也不能省略。)
Do you know the woman whom I shook hands with at the school gate?(此句中的引导词whom作介词with的宾语,可换为who或that,也不能省略。)
难点:(1)当who, whom, which, that等引导词在从句中作宾语而省略时,从句中不能再加宾语。如:This is the pen she bought it yesterday.(此处的it应去悼,因为作宾语的which或that已省略。)
(2)两个以上的简单句组成一个句子时,必须用关联词来连接两个句子,而不能用代词。如:This is our monitor, without him, we couldn't win the game.(此句中的人称代词him必须改为引导词whom。)
Can you see the tall building, in front of it there a large play ground?(此句中的代词it 必须改为引导词which。)
方法三:看句中作何用
如何选用定语从句中的引导词,关键是要看引导词在从句中作什么成分。若作主语,则在who, that或which之中选择;若作定语,则用whose;若作状语,则在when,where,why之中选择。例如:
1. Have you ever been to the place which/that we visted last year 你去过我们去年参观的那个地方吗?
Have you ever been to the place where we worked last year? 你去过我们去年工作的那个地方吗?
第一句中的引导词which/that作及物动词visited的宾语,可省略,不可换用where;第二句中的引导词where作不及物动词worked的状语,不可换用which或that,但可用in which来替换。
2.Do you still remember the day which/that we spent together? 你还记得我们一起度过的那一天吗?
Do you still remember the day when we stayed together? 你还记得我们呆在一起的那一天吗?
以上第一句中的引导词which/that作及物动词spent的宾语,可省略,不可用when替换;而第二句的when作不及物动词stayed的状语,不可换用which或that,但可用on which来替换。
难点:要把握句子结构,正确分析句子成分,切不可见到表示时间的名词就用when,见到表示地点的句词变用where。
方法四:看是否属特殊
定语从句引导词的使用还要注意一些特殊情况,如who 与that均可指人,which和that都可指物,但这些引导词在具体的语言环境中有区别,不能换用。如:
This is the first time that I’ve been to the museum, which I have been looking forward to for many years.这是我第一次去博物馆,我盼了好多年了。
当先行词被序数词修饰时,引导词只用that而不能用which;在非限制性定语从句中,只能用which而不能用that,故此句中的that与which不能互换。
which is the book that you want to borrow? 你想借那一本书?
当先行词是which时,引导词用that。
另外一种常考的点是way和reason引导的定语从句。 如:I dislike the way in which/that/× he talks to his mother. 我不喜欢他和他母亲说话的方式。
此句中way在定语从句中充当方式状语,引导词用in which that 或者省略。